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Polonnaruwa, located in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka, is an ancient city that once served as the thriving heart of the island's civilization. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site, Polonnaruwa is renowned for its well-preserved ruins, impressive monuments, and intricate sculptures that offer a fascinating glimpse into the country's rich history and cultural heritage. As one of the most significant archaeological sites in Sri Lanka, Polonnaruwa stands as a testament to the ingenuity, artistry, and spiritual devotion of its past inhabitants.
Polonnaruwa is a treasure trove of ancient architecture and archaeology. The city is divided into several distinct areas, each offering unique insights into its historical grandeur.
The Royal Palace Complex
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The Royal Palace of King Parakramabahu I, once a magnificent seven-story structure, now stands in ruins but still evokes the grandeur of its heyday. The complex includes the Council Chamber, known as the Audience Hall, which is adorned with intricately carved stone elephants along its walls, symbolizing strength and royalty.
The Quadrangle (Dalada Maluwa)
The Quadrangle is the spiritual heart of Polonnaruwa, housing some of the most sacred and architecturally significant monuments. Key highlights include:
The Vatadage: This circular relic house, or stupa, is one of the finest examples of ancient Sinhalese architecture. It features four entrances leading to a central dagoba, each guarded by beautifully carved stone statues of Buddha.
The Thuparama: This image house is notable for its intact roof, which is a rarity among ancient structures in Sri Lanka. Inside, visitors can find a remarkable statue of Buddha in the standing posture.
The Hatadage: Originally built to house the Sacred Tooth Relic, this shrine showcases the intricate stonework and craftsmanship of the era.
The Gal Vihara is perhaps the most iconic site in Polonnaruwa, featuring a group of four massive rock-cut Buddha statues. These statues, carved out of a single granite rock face, include a reclining Buddha measuring 14 meters, a seated Buddha, and two standing Buddhas. The serene expressions and detailed craftsmanship of these statues reflect the zenith of Sinhalese rock carving.
A testament to the advanced hydraulic engineering of ancient Sri Lanka, the Parakrama Samudraya is a vast reservoir constructed during the reign of King Parakramabahu I. Spanning approximately 2,500 hectares, this artificial lake not only supplied water for irrigation but also symbolized the king's vision of harnessing nature for the prosperity of his kingdom. The reservoir is often referred to as the "Sea of Parakrama" and remains a crucial water source for the region.
Polonnaruwa's monuments are not only architectural marvels but also bear deep religious significance. The city's numerous temples, stupas, and statues reflect the profound Buddhist heritage of Sri Lanka. Visitors can witness the blend of Hindu and Buddhist influences, particularly in structures like the Shiva Devale, which highlight the religious tolerance and diversity of the era.
Today, Polonnaruwa is a vibrant town that balances its rich historical legacy with modern development. The Polonnaruwa Museum offers a comprehensive overview of the city's history, displaying artifacts, models, and detailed explanations of the site's significance. The town is also surrounded by lush greenery and wildlife, with the nearby Minneriya National Park famous for its elephant gatherings.
